2015) and is an ongoing objective for future work. Also, the evaluation of application tools is a critical demand among mosquito control professionals (Conover et al. Point-source bromeliad treatment could provide similar benefits as foliar treatments while reducing the coverage needed to exert control on the peridomestic mosquito population. aegypti (L.) and native species in urbanized environments (Ceretti et al. Aedes albopictus have also been found to consistently proliferate in bromeliad larval sites throughout the year in warm environments (Xue et al. Previous to this study, however, there has not been an attempt to see if treating bromeliads as a key harborage would result in reduction of mosquitoes in peridomestic environments.īromeliads are key vegetative harborages and larval rearing sites, even when competing with peridomestic sources such as tires, pots, and plastic containers (Nordin et al. albopictus eradication programs in the southern Australian islands where foliage treatments were prioritized for preventing the spread of Ae. Targeting foliage as a primary means of adult mosquito control has since been reinforced in densely vegetated suburban and rural landscapes in Queensland, Australia (Muzari et al. 2013).Īedes albopictus and other mosquitoes require harborage to protect them from harsh daytime conditions, which has been exploited with vegetative and foliage treatments using residual applications (Li et al. Combining source reduction with direct control methods, such as larviciding with residual control and adulticide treatments, can help mitigate costs by reducing labor requirements (Abramides et al. 2014), but such programs can become operationally costly and difficult to sustain, particularly when oviposition sites are cryptic and difficult to accurately survey (Unlu et al. Source reduction programs are effective in targeting these container-inhabiting mosquitoes when carried out comprehensively (CDC 2016, Unlu et al. albopictus have opportunistic feeding patterns that are not restricted to crepuscular or evening times and invade containers in close association with humans (Skiff and Yee 2014, Chandel et al. Container-inhabiting mosquitoes such as Ae. Selective treatments to bromeliads could offer a possible solution to containers that homeowners refuse to eliminate.Īedes albopictus (Skuse) is a potential urban vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses (Derraik and Slaney 2015, Wilson and Chen 2015). The field results suggest bromeliads are a viable target for harborage treatments. Functional differences among machines, such as automated pressure control or leak guards on the nozzle, depend on the accessories that offer the greatest logistical benefit to the user. albopictus egg abundance across the field sites for three weeks post-treatment with no significant differences among the equipment. Three field sites were assigned to each machine and a control, and bromeliad residual applications of Aqualuer 20-20 ® were assessed through egg surveillance using ovitraps both within and beyond 30 m of the treated bromeliad harborage. albopictus produced 100% mortality at 24 h with each sprayer. albopictus egg abundance in bromeliad plants. Each machine was screened for its utility in point-source harborage treatments, while we simultaneously evaluated bromeliad-focused treatments for reducing Ae. As an alternative, three handheld sprayers were evaluated in point-source applications of permethrin to bromeliads in Saint Augustine, FL. Bromeliads serve as a key environmental resource for Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in some peridomestic landscapes and are not addressed through conventional source reduction.
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